The continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model by Talreja [Talreja R. Damage characterization by internal variables. In: Pipes RB, Talreja R, editors. Comput Mater Series, vol. 9. Dam Mech Comp Mater, Elsevier, Amsterdam; 1994, p. 53–78], which is one o
Two kinds of fractures can be observed in the SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) simulations, which are the physical fracture and the numerical fracture. The physical one exists in reality, while the numerical one is fictitious. This paper presen
