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The Linux® Command Line.pdf
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上传时间: 2011-10-18
详细说明： Reading...............................................................................................................7 Colophon........................................................................................................................7 Part 2 – Learning The Shell..............................................................9 2 – What Is The Shell?...................................................................................10 Terminal Emulators................................................................... .....................................10 Your First Keystrokes....................................................................................................10 Command History.....................................................................................................11 Cursor Movement.....................................................................................................11 A Few Words About Mice And Focus...................................................................11 Try Some Simple Commands........................................................................................12 Ending A Terminal Session............................................................................................13 The Console Behind The Curtain........................................................................13 Further Reading.............................................................................................................13 3 – Navigation.................................................................................................14 Understanding The File System Tree............................................................................14 The Current Working Directory......................................................................................14 Listing The Contents Of A Directory..............................................................................15 Changing The Current Working Directory.....................................................................16 Absolute Pathnames................................................................................................16 Relative Pathnames.................................................................................................16 Some Helpful Shortcuts............................................................................................18 i Important Facts About Filenames........................................................................18 4 – Exploring The System.............................................................................20 More Fun With ls...........................................................................................................20 Options And Arguments............................................................................................21 A Longer Look At Long Format.................................................................................22 Determining A File's Type With file................................................................................23 Viewing File Contents With less....................................................................................24 What Is “Text”?.....................................................................................................24 Less Is More........................................................................................................26 A Guided Tour................................................................................................................26 Symbolic Links...............................................................................................................29 Hard Links.....................................................................................................................30 Further Reading.............................................................................................................30 5 – Manipulating Files And Directories........................................................31 Wildcards......................................................................................................................31 Character Ranges................................................................................................33 Wildcards Work In The GUI Too..........................................................................33 mkdir – Create Directories.............................................................................................34 cp – Copy Files And Directories....................................................................................34 Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................35 mv – Move And Rename Files......................................................................................36 Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................36 rm – Remove Files And Directories...............................................................................37 Useful Options And Examples..................................................................................37 Be Careful With rm!.............................................................................................38 ln – Create Links............................................................................................................39 Hard Links................................................................................................................39 Symbolic Links..........................................................................................................40 Let's Build A Playground................................................................................................40 Creating Directories..................................................................................................40 Copying Files............................................................................................................41 Moving And Renaming Files.....................................................................................42 Creating Hard Links..................................................................................................43 Creating Symbolic Links...........................................................................................44 Removing Files And Directories...............................................................................45 Creating Symlinks With The GUI.........................................................................47 Summing Up.............................................................................................................47 6 – Working With Commands........................................................................48 What Exactly Are Commands?......................................................................................48 Identifying Commands...................................................................................................49 type – Display A Command's Type...........................................................................49 which – Display An Executable's Location...............................................................49 Getting A Command's Documentation..........................................................................50 help – Get Help For Shell Builtins............................................................................50 --help – Display Usage Information..........................................................................51 man – Display A Program's Manual Page................................................................51 apropos – Display Appropriate Commands..............................................................53 ii whatis – Display A Very Brief Description Of A Command.......................................53 The Most Brutal Man Page Of Them All..............................................................53 info – Display A Program's Info Entry.......................................................................54 README And Other Program Documentation Files................................................55 Creating Your Own Commands With alias....................................................................56 Revisiting Old Friends...................................................................................................58 Further Reading.............................................................................................................58 7 – Redirection................................................................................................59 Standard Input, Output, And Error.................................................................................59 Redirecting Standard Output.........................................................................................60 Redirecting Standard Error............................................................................................61 Redirecting Standard Output And Standard Error To One File................................62 Disposing Of Unwanted Output................................................................................63 /dev/null In Unix Culture......................................................................................63 Redirecting Standard Input............................................................................................63 cat – Concatenate Files............................................................................................63 Pipelines.......................................................................................................................65 Filters........................................................................................................................66 uniq - Report Or Omit Repeated Lines....................................................................66 wc – Print Line, Word, And Byte Counts..................................................................67 grep – Print Lines Matching A Pattern......................................................................67 head / tail – Print First / Last Part Of Files................................................................68 tee – Read From Stdin And Output To Stdout And Files..........................................69 Summing Up..................................................................................................................70 Linux Is About Imagination..................................................................................70 8 – Seeing The World As The Shell Sees It..................................................72 Expansion......................................................................................................................72 Pathname Expansion...............................................................................................73 Pathname Expansion Of Hidden Files.................................................................74 Tilde Expansion........................................................................................................74 Arithmetic Expansion................................................................................................75 Brace Expansion......................................................................................................76 Parameter Expansion...............................................................................................77 Command Substitution.............................................................................................78 Quoting.........................................................................................................................79 Double Quotes..........................................................................................................79 Single Quotes...........................................................................................................81 Escaping Characters................................................................................................82 Backslash Escape Sequences............................................................................82 Summing Up..................................................................................................................83 Further Reading.............................................................................................................83 9 – Advanced Keyboard Tricks.....................................................................84 Command Line Editing..................................................................................................84 Cursor Movement.....................................................................................................84 Modifying Text...........................................................................................................85 Cutting And Pasting (Killing And Yanking) Text........................................................85 The Meta Key......................................................................................................86 iii Completion....................................................................................................................86 Programmable Completion..................................................................................88 Using History.................................................................................................................88 Searching History.....................................................................................................89 History Expansion.....................................................................................................91 script....................................................................................................................91 Summing Up..................................................................................................................92 Further Reading.............................................................................................................92 10 – Permissions............................................................................................93 Owners, Group Members, And Everybody Else............................................................94 Reading, Writing, And Executing...................................................................................95 chmod – Change file mode.......................................................................................97 What The Heck Is Octal?.....................................................................................98 Setting File Mode With The GUI.............................................................................100 umask – Set Default Permissions..........................................................................101 Some Special Permissions................................................................................103 Changing Identities......................................................................................................104 su – Run A Shell With Substitute User And Group IDs..........................................105 sudo – Execute A Command As Another User.......................................................106 Ubuntu And sudo...............................................................................................107 chown – Change File Owner And Group................................................................107 chgrp – Change Group Ownership.........................................................................109 Exercising Our Privileges............................................................................................109 Changing Your Password.............................................................................................111 Further Reading...........................................................................................................112 11 – Processes..............................................................................................113 How A Process Works.................................................................................................113 Viewing Processes......................................................................................................114 Viewing Processes Dynamically With top...............................................................116 Controlling Processes..................................................................................................118 Interrupting A Process.............................................................................................119 Putting A Process In The Background....................................................................119 Returning A Process To The Foreground...............................................................120 Stopping (Pausing) A Process................................................................................121 Signals........................................................................................................................122 Sending Signals To Processes With kill.................................................................122 Sending Signals To Multiple Processes With killall................................................125 More Process Related Commands.............................................................................125 Part 3 – Configuration And The Environment.............................127 12 – The Environment..................................................................................128 What Is Stored In The Environment?..........................................................................128 Examining The Environment..................................................................................128 Some Interesting Variables.....................................................................................130 How Is The Environment Established?.......................................................................131 What's In A Startup File?........................................................................................132 iv Modifying The Environment.........................................................................................134 Which Files Should We Modify?.............................................................................134 Text Editors.............................................................................................................134 Using A Text Editor.................................................................................................135 Why Comments Are Important..........................................................................138 Activating Our Changes..........................................................................................139 Summing Up................................................................................................................139 Further Reading..........................................................................................................139 13 – A Gentle Introduction To vi.................................................................140 Why We Should Learn vi.............................................................................................140 A Little Background ....................................................................................................141 Starting And Stopping vi..............................................................................................141 Compatibility Mode............................................................................................142 Editing Modes..............................................................................................................143 Entering Insert Mode..............................................................................................144 Saving Our Work....................................................................................................144 Moving The Cursor Around.........................................................................................145 Basic Editing................................................................................................................146 Appending Text.......................................................................................................146 Opening A Line.......................................................................................................147 Deleting Text...........................................................................................................148 Cutting, Copying And Pasting Text.........................................................................149 Joining Lines...........................................................................................................151 Search And Replace....................................................................................................151 Searching Within A Line..........................................................................................151 Searching The Entire File.......................................................................................151 Global Search And Replace...................................................................................152 Editing Multiple Files...................................................................................................154 Switching Between Files.........................................................................................155 Opening Additional Files For Editing......................................................................155 Copying Content From One File Into Another........................................................156 Inserting An Entire File Into Another.......................................................................157 Saving Our Work.........................................................................................................158 Further Reading..........................................................................................................159 14 – Customizing The Prompt.....................................................................160 Anatomy Of A Prompt..................................................................................................160 Trying Some Alternate Prompt Designs......................................................................162 Adding Color................................................................................................................163 Terminal Confusion............................................................................................163 Moving The Cursor......................................................................................................166 Saving The Prompt......................................................................................................167 Summing Up................................................................................................................167 Further Reading..........................................................................................................168 Part 4 – Common Tasks And Essential Tools.............................169 15 – Package Management..........................................................................170 v Packaging Systems.....................................................................................................170 How A Package System Works...................................................................................171 Package Files.........................................................................................................171 Repositories............................................................................................................171 Dependencies.........................................................................................................172 High And Low-level Package Tools........................................................................172 Common Package Management Tasks.......................................................................173 Finding A Package In A Repository........................................................................173 Installing A Package From A Repository.................................................................173 Installing A Package From A Package File.............................................................174 Removing A Package.............................................................................................174 Updating Packages From A Repository..................................................................175 Upgrading A Package From A Package File...........................................................175 Listing Installed Packages......................................................................................176 Determining If A Package Is Installed.....................................................................176 Displaying Info About An Installed Package...........................................................177 Finding Which Package Installed A File.................................................................177 Summing Up................................................................................................................177 The Linux Software Installation Myth.................................................................178 Further Reading..........................................................................................................179 16 – Storage Media.......................................................................................180 Mounting And Unmounting Storage Devices..............................................................180 Viewing A List Of Mounted File Systems................................................................182 Why Unmounting Is Important...........................................................................185 Determining Device Names....................................................................................186 Creating New File Systems.........................................................................................189 Manipulating Partitions With fdisk..........................................................................189 Creating A New File System With mkfs..................................................................192 Testing And Repairing File Systems............................................................................193 What The fsck?..................................................................................................193 Formatting Floppy Disks..............................................................................................193 Moving Data Directly To/From Devices.......................................................................194 Creating CD-ROM Images..........................................................................................195 Creating An Image Copy Of A CD-ROM.................................................................195 Creating An Image From A Collection Of Files.......................................................195 A Program By Any Other Name.........................................................................196 Writing CD-ROM Images.............................................................................................196 Mounting An ISO Image Directly............................................................................196 Blanking A Re-Writable CD-ROM...........................................................................197 Writing An Image....................................................................................................197 Further Reading..........................................................................................................197 Extra Credit..................................................................................................................197 17 – Networking............................................................................................199 Examining And Monitoring A Network.........................................................................200 ping.........................................................................................................................200 traceroute...............................................................................................................201 netstat.....................................................................................................................202 Transporting Files Over A Network..............................................................................203 vi ftp............................................................................................................................204 lftp – A Better ftp.....................................................................................................206 wget........................................................................................................................206 Secure Communication With Remote Hosts...............................................................206 ssh..........................................................................................................................207 Tunneling With SSH..........................................................................................210 scp And sftp............................................................................................................211 An SSH Client For Windows?............................................................................212 Further Reading..........................................................................................................212 18 – Searching For Files..............................................................................213 locate – Find Files The Easy Way...............................................................................213 Where Does The locate Database Come From?..............................................215 find – Find Files The Hard Way...................................................................................215 Tests.......................................................................................................................216 Operators................................................................................................................218 Predefined Actions..................................................................................................221 User Defined Actions..............................................................................................223 Improving Efficiency...............................................................................................224 xargs.......................................................................................................................224 Dealing With Funny Filenames..........................................................................225 A Return To The Playground..................................................................................226 Options...................................................................................................................228 Further Reading..........................................................................................................229 19 – Archiving And Backup.........................................................................230 Compressing Files.......................................................................................................230 gzip.........................................................................................................................231 bzip2.......................................................................................................................233 Don’t Be Compressive Compulsive...................................................................234 Archiving Files.............................................................................................................234 tar............................................................................................................................234 zip...........................................................................................................................240 Synchronizing Files And Directories............................................................................242 Using rsync Over A Network...................................................................................245 Further Reading..........................................................................................................246 20 – Regular Expressions...........................................................................247 What Are Regular Expressions?............................................................................247 grep............................................................................................................................247 Metacharacters And Literals........................................................................................249 The Any Character......................................................................................................250 Anchors.......................................................................................................................251 A Crossword Puzzle Helper...............................................................................251 Bracket Expressions And Character Classes..............................................................252 Negation.................................................................................................................252 Traditional Character Ranges.................................................................................253 POSIX Character Classes......................................................................................254 Reverting To Traditional Collation Order............................................................257 POSIX Basic Vs. Extended Regular Expressions.......................................................258 vii POSIX................................................................................................................258 Alternation...................................................................................................................259 Quantifiers...................................................................................................................260 ? - Match An Element Zero Or One Time...............................................................260 * - Match An Element Zero Or More Times............................................................261 + - Match An Element One Or More Times............................................................262 { } - Match An Element A Specific Number Of Times..............................................262 Putting Regular Expressions To Work.........................................................................263 Validating A Phone List With grep...........................................................................263 Finding Ugly Filenames With find...........................................................................264 Searching For Files With locate.............................................................................265 Searching For Text In less And vim........................................................................265 Summing Up................................................................................................................267 Further Reading..........................................................................................................267 21 – Text Processing....................................................................................268 Applications Of Text.....................................................................................................268 Documents.............................................................................................................269 Web Pages.............................................................................................................269 Email.......................................................................................................................269 Printer Output.........................................................................................................269 Program Source Code............................................................................................269 Revisiting Some Old Friends.......................................................................................269 cat...........................................................................................................................270 MS-DOS Text Vs. Unix Text...............................................................................271 sort..........................................................................................................................271 uniq.........................................................................................................................279 Slicing And Dicing........................................................................................................280 cut...........................................................................................................................280 Expanding Tabs.................................................................................................283 paste.......................................................................................................................284 join..........................................................................................................................285 Comparing Text...........................................................................................................287 comm......................................................................................................................288 diff...........................................................................................................................288 patch.......................................................................................................................291 Editing On The Fly.......................................................................................................292 tr.............................................................................................................................292 ROT13: The Not-So-Secret Decoder Ring........................................................294 sed..........................................................................................................................295 People Who Like sed Also Like.........................................................................303 aspell......................................................................................................................303 Summing Up................................................................................................................307 Further Reading..........................................................................................................307 Extra Credit..................................................................................................................308 22 – Formatting Output................................................................................309 Simple Formatting Tools..............................................................................................309 nl – Number Lines..................................................................................................309 fold – Wrap Each Line To A Specified Length........................................................313 viii fmt – A Simple Text Formatter................................................................................313 pr – Format Text For Printing..................................................................................317 printf – Format And Print Data................................................................................318 Document Formatting Systems...................................................................................321 groff.........................................................................................................................322 Summing Up................................................................................................................328 Further Reading..........................................................................................................328 23 – Printing..................................................................................................330 A Brief History Of Printing............................................................................................330 Printing In The Dim Times......................................................................................330 Character-based Printers.......................................................................................331 Graphical Printers...................................................................................................332 Printing With Linux......................................................................................................333 Preparing Files For Printing.........................................................................................333 pr – Convert Text Files For Printing........................................................................333 Sending A Print Job To A Printer..................................................................................335 lpr – Print Files (Berkeley Style).............................................................................335 lp – Print Files (System V Style).............................................................................336 Another Option: a2ps..............................................................................................337 Monitoring And Controlling Print Jobs.........................................................................340 lpstat – Display Print System Status......................................................................340 lpq – Display Printer Queue Status........................................................................341 lprm / cancel – Cancel Print Jobs..........................................................................342 Summing Up................................................................................................................342 Further Reading..........................................................................................................342 24 – Compiling Programs............................................................................344 What Is Compiling?.....................................................................................................344 Are All Programs Compiled?..................................................................................345 Compiling A C Program...............................................................................................346 Obtaining The Source Code...................................................................................346 Examining The Source Tree...................................................................................348 Building The Program.............................................................................................350 Installing The Program...........................................................................................354 Summing Up................................................................................................................354 Further Reading..........................................................................................................355 Part 5 – Writing Shell Scripts.......................................................357 25 – Writing Your First Script......................................................................358 What Are Shell Scripts?...............................................................................................358 How To Write A Shell Script.........................................................................................358 Script File Format........................................................................................................359 Executable Permissions..............................................................................................360 Script File Location......................................................................................................360 Good Locations For Scripts....................................................................................362 More Formatting Tricks................................................................................................362 Long Option Names................................................................................................362 ix Indentation And Line Continuation.........................................................................362 Configuring vim For Script Writing.....................................................................363 Summing Up................................................................................................................364 Further Reading..........................................................................................................364 26 – Starting A Project.................................................................................365 First Stage: Minimal Document...................................................................................365 Second Stage: Adding A Little Data............................................................................367 Variables And Constants.............................................................................................368 Assigning Values To Variables And Constants.......................................................371 Here Documents.........................................................................................................372 Summing Up................................................................................................................375 Further Reading..........................................................................................................375 27 – Top-Down Design.................................................................................376 Shell Functions............................................................................................................377 Local Variables............................................................................................................380 Keep Scripts Running..................................................................................................381 Shell Functions In Your .bashrc File..................................................................384 Summing Up................................................................................................................384 Further Reading..........................................................................................................384 28 – Flow Control: Branching With if.........................................................385 if..................................................................................................................................385 Exit Status...................................................................................................................386 test..............................................................................................................................388 File Expressions.....................................................................................................388 String Expressions..................................................................................................391 Integer Expressions................................................................................................392 A More Modern Version Of test...................................................................................393 (( )) - Designed For Integers........................................................................................395 Combining Expressions...............................................................................................396 Portability Is The Hobgoblin Of Little Minds.......................................................398 Control Operators: Another Way To Branch................................................................399 Summing Up................................................................................................................399 Further Reading..........................................................................................................400 29 – Reading Keyboard Input......................................................................401 read – Read Values From Standard Input...................................................................402 Options...................................................................................................................404 IFS..........................................................................................................................406 You Can’t Pipe read...........................................................................................407 Validating Input............................................................................................................408 Menus..........................................................................................................................409 Summing Up................................................................................................................411 Extra Credit.............................................................................................................411 Further Reading...........................................................................................................411 30 – Flow Control: Looping With while / until...........................................412 x Looping........................................................................................................................412 while........................................................................................................................412 Breaking Out Of A Loop...............................................................................................415 until.........................................................................................................................416 Reading Files With Loops...........................................................................................417 Summing Up................................................................................................................418 Further Reading..........................................................................................................418 31 – Troubleshooting...................................................................................419 Syntactic Errors...........................................................................................................419 Missing Quotes.......................................................................................................420 Missing Or Unexpected Tokens..............................................................................420 Unanticipated Expansions......................................................................................421 Logical Errors .............................................................................................................423 Defensive Programming.........................................................................................423 Verifying Input.........................................................................................................425 Design Is A Function Of Time............................................................................425 Testing........................................................................................................................425 Test Cases..............................................................................................................426 Debugging...................................................................................................................427 Finding The Problem Area......................................................................................427 Tracing....................................................................................................................427 Examining Values During Execution......................................................................430 Summing Up................................................................................................................430 Further Reading..........................................................................................................431 32 – Flow Control: Branching With case...................................................432 case............................................................................................................................432 Patterns..................................................................................................................434 Summing Up................................................................................................................436 Further Reading..........................................................................................................436 33 – Positional Parameters.........................................................................437 Accessing The Command Line...................................................................................437 Determining The Number of Arguments.................................................................438 shift – Getting Access To Many Arguments............................................................439 Simple Applications................................................................................................440 Using Positional Parameters With Shell Functions................................................441 Handling Positional Parameters En Masse.................................................................442 A More Complete Application......................................................................................444 Summing Up................................................................................................................447 Further Reading..........................................................................................................450 34 – Flow Control: Looping With for..........................................................451 for: Traditional Shell Form...........................................................................................451 Why i?................................................................................................................453 for: C Language Form.................................................................................................454 Summing Up................................................................................................................455 Further Reading..........................................................................................................456 xi 35 – Strings And Numbers..........................................................................457 Parameter Expansion..................................................................................................457 Basic Parameters...................................................................................................457 Expansions To Manage Empty Variables...............................................................458 Expansions That Return Variable Names..............................................................460 String Operations....................................................................................................460 Arithmetic Evaluation And Expansion.........................................................................463 Number Bases........................................................................................................464 Unary Operators.....................................................................................................464 Simple Arithmetic....................................................................................................464 Assignment.............................................................................................................466 Bit Operations.........................................................................................................468 Logic.......................................................................................................................469 bc – An Arbitrary Precision Calculator Language........................................................472 Using bc..................................................................................................................473 An Example Script..................................................................................................473 Summing Up................................................................................................................475 Extra Credit..................................................................................................................475 Further Reading..........................................................................................................475 36 – Arrays....................................................................................................476 What Are Arrays?........................................................................................................476 Creating An Array........................................................................................................476 Assigning Values To An Array......................................................................................477 Accessing Array Elements...........................................................................................478 Array Operations.........................................................................................................480 Outputting The Entire Contents Of An Array..........................................................480 Determining The Number Of Array Elements.........................................................480 Finding The Subscripts Used By An Array.............................................................481 Adding Elements To The End Of An Array.............................................................481 Sorting An Array......................................................................................................482 Deleting An Array....................................................................................................482 Summing Up................................................................................................................483 Further Reading..........................................................................................................484 37 – Exotica...................................................................................................485 Group Commands And Subshells...............................................................................485 Process Substitution...............................................................................................486 Traps...........................................................................................................................488 Temporary Files.................................................................................................491 Asynchronous Execution.............................................................................................492 wait.........................................................................................................................492 Named Pipes...............................................................................................................493 Setting Up A Named Pipe.......................................................................................494 Using Named Pipes................................................................................................494 Summing Up................................................................................................................495 Further Reading..........................................................................................................495 Index..............................................................................................................496 ...展开收缩
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