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[时空译码－无线通讯技术]Space-Time Coding
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详细说明： 作者：Branka Vucetic University of Sydney, Australia Jinhong Yuan University of New South Wales, Australia 目录 Performance Limits of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communication Systems 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 MIMO SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 MIMO System Capacity Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 MIMO Channel Capacity Derivation for Adaptive Transmit Power Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 MIMO Capacity Examples for Channels with Fixed Coefficients . . . . . . 9 1.6 Capacity of MIMO Systems with Random Channel Coefficients . . . . . . 13 1.6.1 Capacity of MIMO Fast and Block Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . 14 1.6.2 Capacity of MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6.3 Capacity Examples for MIMO Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . 22 1.7 Effect of System Parameters and Antenna Correlation on the Capacity ofMIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.7.1 Correlation Model for LOS MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.7.2 Correlation Model for a Rayleigh MIMO Fading Channel . . . . . . 30 1.7.3 Correlation Model for a Rician MIMO Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.7.4 Keyhole Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.7.5 MIMO Correlation Fading Channel Model with Transmit and Receive Scatterers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.7.6 The Effect of System Parameters on the Keyhole Propagation . . . 41 2 Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design 49 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2 Fading ChannelModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2.2 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2.3 Statistical Models for Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 vi Contents 2.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3.1 Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3.2 Diversity Combining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.3.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.4 Space-Time Coded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.5 Performance Analysis of Space-Time Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.5.1 Error Probability on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.5.2 Error Probability on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.6 Space-Time Code Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.6.1 Code Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 75 2.6.2 Code Design Criteria for Fast Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . 78 2.6.3 Code Performance at Low to Medium SNR Ranges . . . . . . . . . 81 2.7 Exact Evaluation of Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3 Space-Time Block Codes 91 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2 Alamouti Space-Time Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2.1 Alamouti Space-Time Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.2.2 Combining and Maximum Likelihood Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.2.3 The Alamouti Scheme with Multiple Receive Antennas . . . . . . . 94 3.2.4 Performance of the Alamouti Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.3 Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.3.1 Space-Time Block Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.4 STBC for Real Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.5 STBC for Complex Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.6 Decoding of STBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.7 Performance of STBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.8 Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.9 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 117 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2 Encoder Structure for STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2.1 Generator Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.2.2 Generator Polynomial Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.2.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.3 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . 122 4.3.1 Optimal STTC Based on the Rank & Determinant Criteria . . . . . 123 4.3.2 Optimal STTC Based on the Trace Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.4 Performance Evaluation on Slow Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.4.1 Performance of the Codes Based on the Rank & Determinant Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.4.2 Performance of the Codes Based on the Trace Criterion . . . . . . . 131 4.4.3 Performance Comparison for Codes Based on Different Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 4.4.4 The Effect of the Number of Transmit Antennas on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Contents vii 4.4.5 The Effect of the Number of Receive Antennas on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.4.6 The Effect of Channel Correlation on Code Performance . . . . . . 139 4.4.7 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.5 Design of Space-Time Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . 139 4.6 Performance Evaluation on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 149 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.1.1 Construction of Recursive STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.2 Performance of Recursive STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.3 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5.4 Decoding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.4.1 Decoder Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 5.5 ST Turbo TC Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5.5.1 Comparison of ST Turbo TC and STTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.5.2 Effect of Memory Order and Interleaver Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.5.3 Effect of Number of Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 5.5.4 Effect of Component Code Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 5.5.5 Decoder EXIT Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5.5.6 Effect of Interleaver Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5.5.7 Effect of Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas . . . . . . . . 167 5.5.8 Effect of Antenna Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 5.5.9 Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 5.5.10 Performance on Fast Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6 Layered Space-Time Codes 185 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.2 LST Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 6.3 LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6.3.1 QR Decomposition Interference Suppression Combined with Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.3.2 Interference Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Suppression Combined with Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.3.3 Iterative LST Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.3.4 An Iterative Receiver with PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.3.5 An Iterative MMSE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.3.6 Comparison of the Iterative MMSE and the Iterative PIC-DSC Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 6.4 Comparison of Various LST Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 6.4.1 Comparison of HLST Architectures with Various Component Codes 213 7 Differential Space-Time Block Codes 223 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 7.2 Differential Coding for a Single Transmit Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 viii Contents 7.3 Differential STBC for Two Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.3.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.3.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.3.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 7.4 Differential STBC with Real Signal Constellations for Three and Four Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.4.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7.4.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 7.4.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.5 Differential STBC with Complex Signal Constellations for Three and Four Transmit Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.5.1 Differential Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.5.2 Differential Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 7.5.3 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.6 Unitary Space-Time Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.7 Unitary Group Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 8 Space-Time Coding for Wideband Systems 245 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 8.2 Performance of Space-Time Coding on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 8.2.1 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 8.2.2 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 8.3 STC inWideband OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 8.3.1 OFDMTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 8.3.2 STC-OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 8.4 Capacity of STC-OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 8.5 Performance Analysis of STC-OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 8.6 Performance Evaluation of STC-OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 8.6.1 Performance on A Single-Path Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . 258 8.6.2 The Effect of The Interleavers on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 8.6.3 The Effect of Symbol-Wise Hamming Distance on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 8.6.4 The Effect of The Number of Paths on Performance . . . . . . . . . 260 8.7 Performance of Concatenated Space-Time Codes Over OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 8.7.1 Concatenated RS-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 8.7.2 Concatenated CONV-STC over OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8.7.3 ST Turbo TC over OFDMSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8.8 Transmit Diversity Schemes in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 8.8.1 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 8.8.2 Open-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 8.8.3 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 8.8.4 Time-Switched Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (TS-OTD) . . . . . . 267 8.8.5 Space-Time Spreading (STS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.8.6 STS for Three and Four Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Contents ix 8.9 Space-Time Coding for CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.10 Performance of STTC in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 8.10.1 Space-Time Matched Filter Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8.10.2 Space-Time MMSE Multiuser Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 8.10.3 Space-Time Iterative MMSE Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 8.10.4 Performance Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 8.11 Performance of Layered STC in CDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 ...展开收缩
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