thinkCSpy.pdf xviii Contents 2.7 Orderofoperations

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详细说明： xviii Contents 2.7 Orderofoperations......................... 16 2.8 Operationsonstrings........................ 17 2.9 Composition............................. 18 2.10 Comments.............................. 18 2.11 Glossary............................... 19 3 Functions 21 3.1 Functioncalls............................ 21 3.2 Typecon version........................... 22 3.3 Typecoercion............................ 22 3.4 Mathfunctions........................... 23 3.5 Composition............................. 24 3.6 Addingnewfunctions ....................... 25 3.7 Definitionsanduse......................... 27 3.8 Flowofexecution.......................... 28 3.9 Parametersandarguments..................... 28 3.10 Variablesandparametersarelocal................ 30 3.11 Stackdiagrams........................... 30 3.12 Functionswithresults....................... 32 3.13 Glossary............................... 32 4 Conditionalsandrecursion 35 4.1 Themodulusoperator....................... 35 4.2 Booleanexpressions ........................ 35 4.3 Logicaloperators.......................... 36 4.4 Conditionalexecution ....................... 37 4.5 Alternativeexecution........................ 37 4.6 Chainedconditionals........................ 38 Contents xix 4.7 Nestedconditionals......................... 39 4.8 Thereturnstatement....................... 40 4.9 Recursion.............................. 40 4.10 Stackdiagramsforrecursivefunctions.............. 42 4.11 Infiniterecursion.......................... 43 4.12 Keyboardinput........................... 43 4.13 Glossary............................... 44 5 Fruitfulfunctions 47 5.1 Returnvalues............................ 47 5.2 Programdevelopment ....................... 48 5.3 Composition............................. 51 5.4 Booleanfunctions.......................... 52 5.5 Morerecursion........................... 53 5.6 Leapoffaith ............................ 55 5.7 Onemoreexample......................... 56 5.8 Checkingtypes........................... 57 5.9 Glossary............................... 58 6 Iteration 59 6.1 Multipleassignment ........................ 59 6.2 Thewhilestatement........................ 60 6.3 Tables................................ 62 6.4 Two-dimensionaltables ...................... 64 6.5 Encapsulationandgeneralization................. 65 6.6 Moreencapsulation......................... 66 6.7 Localvariables........................... 67 6.8 Moregeneralization......................... 68 6.9 Functions.............................. 69 6.10 Glossary............................... 70 xx Contents 7 Strings 71 7.1 Acompounddatatype....................... 71 7.2 Length................................ 72 7.3 Traversalandtheforloop..................... 72 7.4 Stringslices............................. 74 7.5 Stringcomparison ......................... 74 7.6 Stringsareimmutable....................... 75 7.7 Afindfunction........................... 76 7.8 Loopingandcounting ....................... 76 7.9 Thestringmodule ........................ 77 7.10 Characterclassification....................... 78 7.11 Glossary............................... 79 8 Lists 81 8.1 Listvalues.............................. 81 8.2 Accessingelements......................... 82 8.3 Listlength.............................. 83 8.4 Listmembership.......................... 84 8.5 Listsandforloops......................... 84 8.6 Listoperations........................... 85 8.7 Listslices.............................. 86 8.8 Listsaremutable.......................... 86 8.9 Listdeletion............................. 87 8.10 Objectsandvalues......................... 89 8.11 Aliasing............................... 90 8.12 Cloninglists............................. 90 8.13 Listparameters........................... 91 8.14 Nestedlists............................. 92 Contents xxi 8.15 Matrices............................... 92 8.16 Stringsandlists........................... 93 8.17 Glossary............................... 94 9 Tuples 95 9.1 Mutabilityandtuples ....................... 95 9.2 Tupleassignment.......................... 96 9.3 Tuplesasreturnvalues....................... 97 9.4 Randomnumbers.......................... 97 9.5 Listofrandomnumbers...................... 98 9.6 Counting............................... 99 9.7 Manybuckets............................100 9.8 Asingle-passsolution........................102 9.9 Glossary...............................103 10Dictionaries 105 10.1 Dictionaryoperations........................106 10.2 Dictionarymethods.........................107 10.3 Aliasingandcopying........................108 10.4 Sparsematrices ..........................108 10.5 Hints.................................109 10.6 Longintegers............................111 10.7 Countingletters...........................111 10.8 Glossary...............................112 11Filesandexceptions 115 11.1 Textfiles...............................117 11.2 Writingvariables..........................118 11.3 Directories..............................121 xxii Contents 11.4 Pickling...............................121 11.5 Exceptions..............................122 11.6 Glossary...............................124 12Classesandobjects 127 12.1 User-definedcompoundtypes...................127 12.2 Attributes..............................128 12.3 Instancesasarguments.......................129 12.4 Sameness ..............................129 12.5 Rectangles..............................131 12.6 Instancesasreturnvalues.....................132 12.7 Objectsaremutable........................132 12.8 Copying...............................133 12.9 Glossary...............................135 13Classesandfunctions 137 13.1 Time.................................137 13.2 Purefunctions............................138 13.3 Modifiers ..............................139 13.4 Whichisbetter? ..........................140 13.5 Prototypedevelopmentversusplanning .............141 13.6 Generalization............................142 13.7 Algorithms .............................142 13.8 Glossary...............................143 14Classesandmethods 145 14.1 Object-orientedfeatures......................145 14.2 printTime..............................146 14.3 Anotherexample..........................147 Contents xxiii 14.4 Amorecomplicatedexample ...................148 14.5 Optionalarguments.........................149 14.6 Theinitializationmethod.....................150 14.7 Pointsrevisited...........................151 14.8 Operatoroverloading........................152 14.9 Polymorphism............................153 14.10Glossary...............................155 15Setsofobjects 157 15.1 Composition.............................157 15.2 Cardobjects.............................157 15.3 Classattributesandthe str method.............159 15.4 Comparingcards..........................160 15.5 Decks ................................161 15.6 Printingthedeck..........................161 15.7 Shufflingthedeck..........................163 15.8 Removinganddealingcards....................164 15.9 Glossary...............................165 16Inheritance 167 16.1 Inheritance .............................167 16.2 Ahandofcards...........................168 16.3 Dealingcards............................169 16.4 PrintingaHand...........................169 16.5 TheCardGameclass.........................171 16.6 OldMaidHandclass.........................171 16.7 OldMaidGameclass.........................173 16.8 Glossary...............................177 xxiv Contents 17Linkedlists 179 17.1 Embeddedreferences........................179 17.2 TheNodeclass ...........................179 17.3 Listsascollections.........................181 17.4 Listsandrecursion.........................182 17.5 Infinitelists.............................183 17.6 Thefundamentalambiguitytheorem...............184 17.7 Modifyinglists ...........................184 17.8 Wrappersandhelpers .......................185 17.9 TheLinkedListclass.......................186 17.10Invariants..............................187 17.11Glossary...............................188 18Stacks 189 18.1 Abstractdatatypes ........................189 18.2 TheStackADT...........................190 18.3 ImplementingstackswithPythonlists..............190 18.4 Pushingandpopping........................191 18.5 Usingastacktoevaluatepostfix .................192 18.6 Parsing................................192 18.7 Evaluatingpostfix .........................193 18.8 Clientsandproviders........................194 18.9 Glossary...............................195 19Queues 197 19.1 TheQueueADT..........................197 19.2 LinkedQueue............................198 19.3 Performancecharacteristics....................199 Contents xxv 19.4 ImprovedLinkedQueue......................199 19.5 Priorityqueue............................201 19.6 TheGolferclass..........................203 19.7 Glossary...............................204 20Trees 205 20.1 Buildingtrees............................206 20.2 Traversingtrees...........................207 20.3 Expressiontrees...........................207 20.4 Treetraversal............................208 20.5 Buildinganexpressiontree ....................210 20.6 Handlingerrors...........................214 20.7 Theanimaltree...........................214 20.8 Glossary...............................217 ADebugging 219 A.1 Syntaxerrors............................219 A.2 Runtimeerrors...........................221 A.3 Semanticerrors...........................225 BCreatinganewdatatype 229 B.1 Fractionmultiplication.......................230 B.2 Fractionaddition..........................232 B.3 Euclid’salgorithm .........................232 B.4 Comparingfractions........................233 B.5 Takingitfurther..........................234 B.6 Glossary...............................235 xxvi Contents CRecommendationsforfurtherreading 237 C.1 Python-relatedwebsitesandbooks................238 C.2 Recommendedgeneralcomputersciencebooks .........239 DGNUFreeDocumentationLicense 241 D.1 ApplicabilityandDefinitions ...................242 D.2 VerbatimCopying .........................243 D.3 CopyinginQuantity........................243 D.4 Modifications............................244 D.5 CombiningDocuments.......................246 D.6 CollectionsofDocuments .....................247 D.7 AggregationwithIndependentWorks...............247 D.8 Translation.............................247 D.9 Termination.............................248 D.10 FutureRevisionsofThisLicense .................248 D.11 Addendum:HowtoUseThisLicenseforYourDocuments...248 Contents Foreword v Preface vii ContributorList xiii 1 Thewayoftheprogram 1 1.1 ThePythonprogramminglanguage................ 1 1.2 Whatisaprogram? ........................ 3 1.3 Whatisdebugging? ........................ 4 1.4 Formalandnaturallanguages................... 6 1.5 Thefirstprogram.......................... 8 1.6 Glossary............................... 8 2 Variables,expressionsandstatements 11 2.1 Valuesandtypes.......................... 11 2.2 Variables............................... 12 2.3 Variablenamesandkeywords................... 13 2.4 Statements ............................. 14 2.5 Evaluatingexpressions....................... 15 2.6 Operatorsandoperands...................... 16

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