开发工具:
文件大小: 37kb
下载次数: 0
上传时间: 2019-08-21
详细说明： The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System Marshall Kirk McKusick Keith Bostic Michael J. Karels John S. Quarterman Copyright © 1996 Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc The second chapter of the book, The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System is excerpted here with the permission of the publisher. No part of it may be further reproduced or distributed without the publishers express written permission. The rest of the book explores the concepts introduced in this chapter in incredible detail and is an excellent reference for anyone with an interest in BSD UNIX. More information about this book is available from the publisher, with whom you can also sign up to receive news of related titles. Information about BSD courses is available from Kirk McKusick. [ Split HTML / Single HTML ] Table of Contents 2 Design Overview of 4.4BSD 2.1 4.4BSD Facilities and the Kernel 2.1.1 The Kernel 2.2 Kernel Organization 2.3 Kernel Services 2.4 Process Management 2.4.1 Signals 2.4.2 Process Groups and Sessions 2.5 Memory Management 2.5.1 BSD Memory-Management Design Decisions 2.5.2 Memory Management Inside the Kernel 2.6 I/O System 2.6.1 Descriptors and I/O 2.6.2 Descriptor Management 2.6.3 Devices 2.6.4 Socket IPC 2.6.5 Scatter/Gather I/O 2.6.6 Multiple Filesystem Support 2.7 Filesystems 2.8 Filestores 2.9 Network Filesystem 2.10 Terminals 2.11 Interprocess Communication 2.12 Network Communication 2.13 Network Implementation 2.14 System Operation References List of Tables 2-1. Machine-independent software in the 4.4BSD kernel 2-2. Machine-dependent software for the HP300 in the 4.4BSD kernel List of Figures 2-1. Process lifecycle 2-2. A small filesystem Chapter 2 Design Overview of 4.4BSD 2.1 4.4BSD Facilities and the Kernel The 4.4BSD kernel provides four basic facilities: processes, a filesystem, communications, and system startup. This section outlines where each of these four basic services is described in this book. Processes constitute a thread of control in an address space. Mechanisms for creating, terminating, and otherwise controlling processes are described in Chapter 4. The system multiplexes separate virtual-address spaces for each process; this memory management is discussed in Chapter 5. The user interface to the filesystem and devices is similar; common aspects are discussed in Chapter 6. The filesystem is a set of named files, organized in a tree-structured hierarchy of directories, and of operations to manipulate them, as presented in Chapter 7. Files reside on physical media such as disks. 4.4BSD supports several organizations of data on the disk, as set forth in Chapter 8. Access to files on remote machines is the subject of Chapter 9. Terminals are used to access the system; their operation is the subject of Chapter 10. Communication mechanisms provided by traditional UNIX systems include simplex reliable byte streams between related processes (see pipes, Section 11.1), and notification of exceptional events (see signals, Section 4.7). 4.4BSD also has a general interprocess-communication facility. This facility, described in Chapter 11, uses access mechanisms distinct from those of the filesystem, but, once a connection is set up, a process can access it as though it were a pipe. There is a general networking framework, discussed in Chapter 12, that is normally used as a layer underlying the IPC facility. Chapter 13 describes a particular networking implementation in detail. Any real operating system has operational issues, such as how to start it running. Startup and operational issues are described in Chapter 14. Sections 2.3 through 2.14 present introductory material related to Chapters 3 through 14. We shall define terms, mention basic system calls, and explore historical developments. Finally, we shall give the reasons for many major design decisions. 2.1.1 The Kernel The kernel is the part of the system that runs in protected mode and mediates access by all user programs to the underlying hardware (e.g., CPU, disks, terminals, network links) and software constructs (e.g., filesystem, network protocols). The kernel provides the basic system facilities; it creates and manages processes, and provides functions to access the filesystem and communication facilities. These functions, called system calls appear to user processes as library subroutines. These system calls are the only interface that processes have to these facilities. Details of the system-call mechanism are given in Chapter 3, as are descriptions of several kernel mechanisms that do not execute as the direct result of a process doing a system call. A kernel in traditional operating-system terminology, is a small nucleus of software that provides only the minimal facilities necessary for implementing additional operating-system services. In contemporary research operating systems -- such as Chorus Rozier et al, 1988, Mach Accetta et al, 1986, Tunis Ewens et al, 1985, and the V Kernel Cheriton, 1988 -- this division of functionality is more than just a logical one. Services such as filesystems and networking protocols are implemented as client application processes of the nucleus or kernel. The 4.4BSD kernel is not partitioned into multiple processes. This basic design decision was made in the earliest versions of UNIX. The first two implementations by Ken Thompson had no memory mapping, and thus made no hardware-enforced distinction between user and kernel space Ritchie, 1988. A message-passing system could have been implemented as readily as the actually implemented model of kernel and user processes. The monolithic kernel was chosen for simplicity and performance. And the early kernels were small; the inclusion of facilities such as networking into the kernel has increased its size. The current trend in operating-systems research is to reduce the kernel size by placing such services in user space. Users ordinarily interact with the system through a command-language interpreter, called a shell, and perhaps through additional user application programs. Such programs and the shell are implemented with processes. Details of such programs are beyond the scope of this book, which instead concentrates almost exclusively on the kernel. Sections 2.3 and 2.4 describe the services provided by the 4.4BSD kernel, and give an overview of the latters design. Later chapters describe the detailed design and implementation of these services as they appear in 4.4BSD. 2.2 Kernel Organization In this section, we view the organization of the 4.4BSD kernel in two ways: As a static body of software, categorized by the functionality offered by the modules that make up the kernel By its dynamic operation, categorized according to the services provided to users The largest part of the kernel implements the system services that applications access through system calls. In 4.4BSD, this software has been organized according to the following: Basic kernel facilities: timer and system-clock handling, descriptor management, and process management Memory-management support: paging and swapping Generic system interfaces: the I/O, control, and multiplexing operations performed on descriptors The filesystem: files, directories, pathname translation, file locking, and I/O buffer management Terminal-handling support: the terminal-interface driver and terminal line disciplines Interprocess-communication facilities: sockets Support for network communication: communication protocols and generic network facilities, such as routing
(系统自动生成,下载前可以参看下载内容)
下载文件列表
相关说明
- 本站资源为会员上传分享交流与学习,如有侵犯您的权益,请联系我们删除.
- 本站是交换下载平台，提供交流渠道，下载内容来自于网络，除下载问题外，其它问题请自行百度。
- 本站已设置防盗链，请勿用迅雷、QQ旋风等多线程下载软件下载资源，下载后用WinRAR最新版进行解压.
- 如果您发现内容无法下载，请稍后再次尝试；或者到消费记录里找到下载记录反馈给我们.
- 下载后发现下载的内容跟说明不相乎，请到消费记录里找到下载记录反馈给我们，经确认后退回积分.
- 如下载前有疑问，可以通过点击"提供者"的名字，查看对方的联系方式，联系对方咨询.
相关搜索:
