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详细说明:Fundamentals of Electronic
Circuit Design
By
Hongshen MaPart i
Fundamentals principles
Hongshen ma
C 2005 Hongshen ma
3
Important note:
This document is a rough
draft of the proposed
textbook. Many of the
sections and figures need to
be revised and or are
missing. Please check future
releases for more complete
versions of this text。
C 2005 Hongshen ma
Fundamentals of Electronic Circuit Design
Outline
Part I-Fundamental Principles
1 The basics
I Voltage and current
2 Resistance and power
3 Sources of Electrical Energy
1. 4 Ground
1.5 Electrical Signals
1.6 Electronic Circuits as Linear Systems
2 Fundamental Components: Resistors, capacitors, and Inductors
2.1 Resistor
2.2 Capacitors
2. 3 Inductors
3 Impedance and s-Domain Circuits
3. 1 The notie
3.2 The Impedance of a Capacitor
3. 3 Simple rc filters
3. 4 The Impedance of an Inductor
3.5 Simple rl Filters
3.6 S-Domain Analysis
3.7 S-Domain Analysis Example
3.8 Simplification Techniques for Determining the Transfer Function
3.8.1 Superposition
3.8. 2 Dominant Impedance Approximation
3.8.3 Redrawing Circuits in Different Frequency Ranges
4 Source and load
4.1 Practical Voltage and current sources
4.2 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
4.3 Source and Load Model of electronic Circuits
5 Critical Terminology
5.1 Buffer
5.2 Bias
3 Couple
6 Diodes
6. 1 Diode basics
6.2 Diode circuits
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6.2.1 Peak Detector
6.2.2 LED Circuit
6.2. 3 Voltage reference
7 Transistors
7. 1 Bipolar Junction Transistors
7.2 Field-effect Transistors
8 Operational Amplifiers
8. 1 Op amp basics
8.2 Op amp circuits
8.2. 7 non-inverting amplifier
8. 2.2 inverting amplifier
8.2.3 signal offset
9 Filters
9.1 The Decibel Scale
9.2 Single-pole Passive Filters
9.3 Metrics for Filter Design
9. 4 Two-pole Passive Filters
9.5 Active Filters
9.5. 1 First order low pass
9.5.2 First order high pass
9.5.3 Second order low pass
9.5. 4 Second order high pass
9.5.5 Bandpass
10 Feedback
10.1 Feedback basics
0.2 Feedback analysis-Block diagrams
10.3 Non-inverting amplifier
0.4 Inverting amplifier
10.5 Precision pcak detector
10.6 Opamp frequency response
10.7 Stability analysis
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1 The basics
1.1 Voltage and current
Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points in space. It
a measure of the amount of energy gained or lost by moving a unit of positive charge
from one point to another, as shown in Figure 1.I. Voltage is measured in units of Joules
per Coulomb, known as a Volt(V). It is important to remember that voltage is not an
absolute quantity; rather, it is always considered as a relative value between two points
In an electronic circuit, the electromagnetic problem of voltages at arbitrary points in
space is typically simplified to voltages between nodes of circuit components such as
resistors, capacitors, and transistors
+)Q1
Electric
field
igure 1.1: Voltage v, is the electrical potential gained by moving charge e, in an electric field.
When multiple components are connected in parallel, the voltage drop is the same
across all components. When multiple components are connected in series, the total
voltage is the sum of the voltages across each component. These two statements can be
generalized as Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVl, which states that the sum of voltages
around any closed loop(e.g. starting at one node, and ending at the same node)is zero, as
shown in Figure 1.2
V1+V2+V3+V4+V5+
R2
R4 VA
R
R
Figure 1. 2: Kirchoff,s voltage law: The sum of the voltages around any loop is zero
Electric current is the rate at which electric charge flows through a given area
Current is measured in the unit of Coulombs per second, which is known as an ampere
C 2005 Hongshen ma
(A). In an electronic circuit, the electromagnetic problem of currents is typically
simplified as a current flowing through particular circuit components
⊕的
Figure 1.3: Current I, is the rate offlow of electric charge
When multiple components are connected in series, each component must carry
the same current. When multiple components are connected in parallel, the total current
is the sum of the currents flowing through each individual component. These statements
are generalized as Kirchoff's Current Law(Kcl), which states that the sum of currents
entering and exiting a node must be zero as shown in Figure 1.4
I1+I2+I3+I4=0
R
R
R
R
Figure 1.4: Kirchotff's Current Law-the sum of the currents going into a node is zero
An intuitive way to understand the behavior of voltage and current in electronic
circuits is to use hydrodynamic systems as an analogue. In this system, voltage is
represented by gravitational potential or height of the fluid column, and current is
represented by the fluid flow rate. Diagrams of these concepts are show in Figure 1.5
through 1.7. As the following sections will explain, electrical components such as
resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transistors can all be represented by equivalent
mechanical devices that support this analogy
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Figure 1.5: Hydrodynamic analogy for voltage
Current
Figure 1.6: Hydrodynamic analogy for current
Figure 1.7: A hydrodynamic example representing both voltage and current
1. 2 Resistance and power
When a voltage is applied across a conductor, a current will begin to flow. The
ratio between voltage and current is known as resistance. For most metallic conductors,
the relationship between voltage and current is linear. Stated mathematically, this
property is known as Ohms law, where
C 2005 Hongshen ma
R
Some electronic components such diodes and transistors do not obey Ohms law
and have a non-linear current-voltage relationship
The power dissipated by a given circuit component is the product of voltage and
current
P=Ⅳ
The unit of power is the Joule per second (ls), which is also known as a Watt(w)
If a component obeys Ohm's law, the power it dissipates can be equivalently expressed
as
尸=/2Ror
1.3 Voltage and Current Sources
There are two kinds of energy sources in electronic circuits: voltage sources and
current sources. When connected to an electronic circuit, an ideal voltage source
maintains a given voltage between its two terminals by providing any amount of current
necessary to do so. Similarly, an ideal current source maintains a given current to a
circuit by providing any amount of voltage across its terminals necessary to do so
Voltage and current sources can be independent or dependent. Their respective
circuit symbols are shown in Figure 1.8. Independent sources are usually shown as a
circle while dependent sources are usually shown as a diamond-shape Independent
sources can have a DC output or a functional output; some examples are a sine wave
square wave, impulse, and linear ramp dependent sources can be used to implement a
voltage or current which is a function of some other voltage or current in the circuit
Dependent sources are often used to model active circuits that are used for signal
amplification
Is=f(V1)
s=f(1)
Figure 1.8: Circuit symbols for independent and dependent voltage and current sources
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