2015-2016网络支付能力报告_EN.pdfww.a4aL org CONTENTS Execu

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详细说明：2015-2016网络支付能力报告_EN.pdfww.a4aL org CONTENTS Executive summary nd afford able access to Introduction thc Internet: Thc current picture ++m-mm…mm 4.2 USing smart policy to close the gender 2 The Affordability Drivers Index(ADI) digital divice and achieve universal, La n American nations top the rankings equal access for the second year running 5 Policy Recommendations 2. 2 The foot of the table 5.1 Retine affordability wi-n income and 2.3 Moving up the rankings: Myan mar, gender inequalites in mind Mexico and morocco 5.2 Reduce the cost of devices 2.4 Afforcability in the world's Cast Dcvclopcd 18 Countries 5.3 Prioritise public access facilities 39-40 2.5 Thc long road to improved broadband 20 5.4 Develop gender responsive national 40-4 affordability broadband plans 2.6 Increasing affordabil ty by developing 21 5.4 Develop gender responsive national policies in line with best practices b oadband plans 2.7 Comprehensive approach to policymaking 22 5.5 Integrated apprcach to polic. es for affordable broadband internet Poverty, Income Inequality and the 23 Annexes 44 Case of Mistaken Affordability Acknowledgments 44 3.1 I he effect of poverty Annex A: Methodology 44-4 3.2 The distorting effect of income inequality 26 Annex B: Affordability D"ivers Index 3.3 Hung y for da:a Emerging countries 3.4 The long road te universal access in Annex C: Affordability Drives Inde the world's Least Developed Countries Devcloping co 3.5 Overcoming the challenges of 30 Annex D: ADI score anc broadband poverty and income nequality picc compar sons 4 Gender Inequality: Exacerbating 31 Infographic 50-51 the Affordability Challenge A4Al Affordability Report 2015/16 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Everyone should have access to the Internet. So concluded the 193 member states of the United Nations when they agreed on a new set of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in September 2015 Underscoring the potential of the Internet to contribute to globa development and empowerment, SDG target 9c calls for universal and affordable access in the world's least developed countries by 2020 Reaching this goal will requ re oold and immediate Intended as a contribution to help leaders set us on action. Cn our curren- trajectory, A4Al predicts that a path to achieve this goal, the 2015-16 Affordability wc'll only hit this target in 2042 22 ycars after the Rcport looks at the afford pility cnvironment across target date set by the global community. Without 51 countries, considers the effects of poverty and urgent reform, in 2020 we will see just 16% of people icome inequality and takes a close look a. in the wor. d's poorest courtries, and 53% of the gender inequality in access world as a whole connected. We won't just miss the targe, we. I miss by a milc. This connectivity lag will Top 5: Overall ADI Rankings Top 5: Least Developed Countries undermine global development Costa rica Rwanda across ne board, contributing to lost Colombia Uganda opportunities for economic growth and de"ying hund eds of millions urkey Gambia access to online ed cation health Malaysia Myanmar scrviccs, political voice, and m.ch Tanzania much more g www.a4alorg EXECUTIVE SUMMARY While the report does not consider de detail, it does note that the cost of getting an internet- The Affordability Drivers Index enabled phone can play a large rolc in dctermining who can afford to be online. When we add the price ur Affordability Drive s Index (ADI) looks at the of a hypothetical low-cost US$48 smartphone to olicies, incentives, and infrastructure investments in the price of a 500MB broadband plan, the total place across 51 developing and emerging countries population in almost all countries that can actually afford both a broadband plan and a low-cost and assesses the extent to which they are being smartphone drops by 20%. We also note that 500MB implemented. This includes policies which we believe per month offers only very limited opportunities to drive progress towards mo e affordable Internet use the Internet meaningfully Countries that do well on the adi also tend tc have lower broad banc prices for their citizens, al though the The Gender Gap in Access ADI does not measure price directly As stark as the affordability picture appears for those Colombia and Costa Rica cnce again top the rankings, living in poverty and at the bottom of the income with scores that reflect improved infrastructure and pyramid, the cost tc connect is even higher for women access indicators. Myanmar achieved the largest in these groups. The gender wage gap diminishestre jump in its ADI ranking, moving up nine places to ability of women-and female-headed households in 27th posit on, thanks to the successful opening of particular-to afford Internet access. Recent research the previously state-owned telecoms market to new by the web Founda. on shews that poor _rban women operators(2013), and the recent introduc- on cf arc 50% less likely to bc connccted to the Internet troad band services(2C14). However, on the whole than men in the same age group with similar levels of education and household income scores on the ADl are low, meaning much hard work lie ahead for courtries to create the right environment to SDG targets gciafforda b, e universa. access) anc 5b drive prices down and connection rates ul (enhancing the use ICT to promote the empowerment of women) might be found under different overarching Poverty and Inequality goals, but thcy are i- cxtricably linked Universal access cannot be achieved without concrete and focused efforts Despite falling prices, not one of the 51 countries to bring women online, just as full gender equality cannot included in our analysis has met the 5% be achieved without enabling women's access to an affordability target for those living in poverty. This fordable, open, and safe l -ternet. Access to education, is not an issue affecting small numbers of people and skill building and training opportunities is key to 1. 9 billion people in the ccuntries covered by the supoort womcn's cifcctivc participation in a digital All live in poverty (i.e, unde$3.10 per day) SOCIety, and must be considered and integ Income inequality also plays a role, and may make as part of a comprehensive strategy progress appear faster than it is. Although 25 of 51 countries have met the UN's 5% affordability target Recommendations for those earning the average national income, just 1. Develop and work toward a more ambitious nine of these countries meet the affordability target affordability target. Wc propose a ncw"l for 2 for the bottom 20% of income earners. the means target: 1GB of data priced at 2 or less of average that millions continue to oe priced out of the digita monthly ncome revolution in countr es which have met the 5%o target However, when costs drop to 2 Yo or less of monthly 2. Reduce the cost of mobile phones and ICT incomes, access tends to be affordable for all devices, Governments must work to reform tax Income groups and gatet regimes so that ici device costs can come down. They will also need to incentivise the A4Al Affordability Report 2015/16 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY private sector to develop h gh quality, Icw-cost skills and empowerment, and back these with martha if c d budget allocations Gende 3. Increase investment in and availability of public disaggregated data must be collected to monitor subsidised access. There are always groups that progress. This should be done through more gender will be excluded by the market and for whom access responsive national broadband planning costs wil. still remain cut of rcach. Public access via 5. Integrated approach to policymaking. Gctting libraries, community centres, and municipal WiFi he online requires balanced policies that schemes-funded by well-run Universal Service and Access Funds- is critical to deliver access ddress demand as well as supply; regulation as we. I as com petition; fixed-line as well as mobile to these populations broadband; public access as wel. as individual 4. Create specific, time-bound targets to close subscriptions. Governmen" ministers and others the gender digital divide. Across much of th must spcarh cad cfforts to convenc all actors and developing world, the gender gap in nternet use is develop a clear, coherent plan for sequencing staggering -for example, there is just one woman reforms and stimulating the investments needed online for every three men online in Kampala to en able reduced costs and wider access. Donors Uganda. Governments must set concrete targets and aid agencies must come to the party with to achieve gender equity in digi:al adoption financial and practical support EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET 6 g /wW24al. org NTRODUCTION w/. anal. org g INTRODUCTION Everyone should have access to the /nternet. "That office. For Nigerians, just 500MB of mobile prepaid was the agreement in September 2015. when the 193 data can cost more than they spend on their member states of the United Nations agreed cn a children's cducation new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which set the global develcpment agenda for the The UN Broadband Commission" def nes broadband ncxt 15 ycars. With an explicit ta gct in SDG 9c of as affordable if an entry-level (500Me) package is universal and affordable access across the world's availablc at 5%or less of avcrage monthly incom c Least Developed Countries (LDCs)by 2020 (i.e., GN per cap ta). Yet, in 2014, the average cost of it implicitly assumes universal and affordable a 500MB prepaid bundle was 15.2 of GNl per capita access at the global level -access for everyone, in LDCs and 6. 5%o across developing countries r to be dr will takc _DCs ncarly 30 ycars to rcach affordability, as defined by the UN, is increasing this targe last year the ITU reported that 67 out of 116 lo reach this goal will require bald action. Unless developing countries had actually achieved the we dramatically accelerate progress, only 16% of UN's 5% affordability target. Why, then, is growth people in the world's poorest countries, and 53% in Inte net use actually s owing? Use across the cf the world as a whole, will be connected by 2020 globe grew by 7.4% in 2014, but just by 6.9%5 This connectivity lag will not only result in a hugo in?015. amount of lost economic gowth -it will a so deny hundreds of m llions of people access to educaion What is holding back progress? hea, th services, political voice, and employment I his report argues that growth in ccnnectiv ty opportunities through the Internet is lagging due to the failure of policymakers I his repcrt identifies critical barriers that must be to tackle the combined effects of poverty overcome in just four short years to achieve the and income inequality SDG connectivity target, and sets out the steps While poverty on the whole is falling (both governments, regulators, b, sinesses and civil in absolute numbers and as a percentage of society organisations must take now population), there are still over two billion peaple The status quo living in absolute poverty across the developing world i.e. on less than US$3. 10/day) of who Today, over four billion people-some 56% of live in LDCs. For these people, affordable Interet the world -are still -ot using the Internet. The access remains a majority of this offI ne copulation are women very distant reality Most live in LDCs and cther developing countries Economic growth in the developing world has One of the key obstacles ccuntries face in the not been evenly distributed. Accord ng to the UN, ace to expand access is afford ability- the vast more than 75% of developing country households majority of those without Internet access today are live today in societies where income is more offline simply because they cannot afford a basic unequally dist ibuted tlan it was in the 1990s glans, constant access t When a few people earn a lot while others earn fast, uncapped broadband costs little more tha very little, the "average per capita income-the the latte many buy every day on the way to the benchmark the UN uses to assess affordability ill be much higher than what most people actually I for purposes of this report, we def ne"universal access"as an In:ernet penetration rate of 90%. This def nition draws on the wsiS declaration, w nich defines universal access as"Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and scrvices ItU(2c15),MeasuringtheIntormationSccietyReport2015.http://www.itu.int/en/tu-d/statistics/fages/publica:ioNs/miS2015.aspx ItU(2C15),mEasuringtheInformationSocietyReport2015.http://www.itu.int/'en/tu-d/statistics/fages/publIcaRions/mis2015.aspx TroughoLt this report, all price measurements for 500MB plans are for prepaid, mobile plans unless otherwise noted). All pr ce measurements for IGB g ww.a4aL org INTRODUCTION earn. In South Africa, for example, the average cnthly income. We propose a new“1for2” come is USS6,800(GNI per capita, 2014),but target: IGB of data priced at 2 o or less 60%o the population actually carn less than half of avcrage monthly income cf that amount. I- practice this means that for almost half the South African opulation, a seemingly 2. Reduce the cost of mobile phones and ICT affordab, c mobilc Intcrnct connection(priced at abcut devices For Internet access to be affordable to 1.5%o of average"manthly income)actually costs those currently priced out, it is important anywhere between. 7-15% of their income. The idea of to reduce device costs. Prices of mobile phones a national "avcrage"incomc is further skewed by gender and other devices can be inflated by higl nequality in earnings. This means that a nation can import taxes and excessive paten: and royalty meet the UNs top-level affordability target, but still see fees. Governments must work to reform tax and huge swathes of its pcoplc unable tc afford to connect patent regimes so that IC I device costs can to the Internet. We explore these themes and their come down, and will nccd to inccntivisc the impacts in detail in Chapter 3 private sector to develop high-quality, low-coSt smartphones The time for action is now 3. Increase investment in and availability of Time is short. In order to bring over four bill on public, subsidised access. A strong, competitive Feople online in under f ve years, we must act broadband market can go a long way towards now, and at a scale and speed never seen before driving prices down and -in tandem with Governments, the private sector, donors, and civi cheaper devices- connecting the unconnected socicty must come togcther to take the bold stcps However, there are always groups that will be that will enable those offline to afford and access excluded by the market and for whom access a free and open Internet costs will still remain out of reach. Public access via libraries, co mmun ty centres, and municipal The digital divide is a poverty and gender divide WiFi schemes-fundec by well-run Universa The very high cost of data and devices his hardest Service and access funds- is cri-ical to those who earn the least. particularly women and deliver access to these papula icns rural dwellers. Un. css spccific steps arc taken to makc the l-ternet affordable and accessible -o 4. Create specific, time-bound targets to close these groups, blanket initiatives to"connect the gender digital divide. Across much of the everyone"risk deepening existing male/ female developing world, thc gender gap in Intcrnct and urban/rura. disparities use is staggering -in Kampala, Uganda, for Achieving the universal and affordable access example, there is just one woman online for every called for in SDG 9c will require specific and urgent three men online. yet acknowledgement of tcis measures to overcome the barriers presented by digital gender gap is largely inv sible in naticnal poverty and income inequality. These include broadband plans and in official statistics Governments must sct concrcte targets to 1. Develop and work toward a more ambitious achieve gender equity in digical adoption, skills, affordability target. To achieve universal access, nd em d must support these we must drive prices well below the current targets with specific programmes and budget established target of entry-level (i. e, 500MB) allocations. Gender-d 'saggregated data must broadband priced at 5% or less of average be collected to monitor progress ItU(2015),mEasuringtheInformationSocetyReport2c15.http://ww.itu.int/er/itu-d/statIstIcs/pageS/publIcations/mis2015.aspx 6 ITL(2015)Measuring the Information Soc ely Re port ?. 15 hl lp: //www it u in/pn/ ITU-T/Slatisti: s/Pages/put: lic atic s/mis C 15aSx World Bank (2015). Poverty Overview. nttp: //v/ww worldbank. org/en/topic/poverty/overview A4Al Affordability Report 2015/16 INTRODUCTION 5. Integrated approach to policymaking. (e. g. unications minister Getting everyone online requires balanced o the office of a head of state) must take th policics thet address demand as wcll as s. pply Icad in convening thesc actors and developing reg. lation as well as com petition; fixed-line a clear, coherent plan for sequencing reforms broad band as well as mobile; public access as and marshalling the investments needed wcll 3s consumer affordability. This demands Donor agencics and governments must cooperation across ministries, between support this process by stepping up investment geographic units (local, state and naticnal), in broad band infrastructure and low-ccst and among private sector sta kcholdcrs, whose connectivity modcls, as well as in digital skills, business interests may be very different local content, and public access initiatives THE TIME FOR ACTION IS NOW g

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