We describe the maximum-likelihood parameter estimation problem and how the Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithm can be used for its solution. We first describe the abstract form of the EM algorithm as it is often given in the literature. We the
/* gauss.c - gaussian random numbers, using the Ziggurat method * * Copyright (C) 2005 Jochen Voss. * * For details see the following article. * * George Marsaglia, Wai Wan Tsang * The Ziggurat Method for Generating Random Variables * Journa l of St
We propose a new kind of optical vortex called the Hermite–Gaussian-like optical vortex (HGOV) inspired by the cross phase (CP). Theoretically, we investigate how the CP is decoupled from the phase of a cylindrical lens. We also investigate the propa
